Indian Geography- TNPSC
Indian Geography- Syllabus
Indian Geography |
இந்தியாவின் புவியியல் |
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India
- Drawing of North East
- Drawing of Andaman Nicobar, Lakshadweep.
- Drawing of the North Part of India.
- Area- Total , As a % of world
- Rank as Largest Country in the World?, Rank as Largest Country in Asia?
- Latitude and Longitude Extent, Which Hemisphere?
- Northernmost point
- Southernmost point -Main land, country
- Westernmost point, Easternmost point.
- East-West Length
- North South Length
- Tropic of cancer Passing States
- Indian Standard Time - Latitude, Passing City, Passing States, Difference, Time difference from GMT.
- Smallest State- Last 5
- Largest State- Top 5
- Which State does not have an International Border?
- State that shares Boundary with maximum states?
- Land Border Length
- Coastline on MainLand
- Total Coastline including Islands
- Border sharing Table- Country, Distance,States Sharing, Important Border Location, Rivers, Forces.
- Border names and Length and adjoining states, forces
- Disputed Areas- With China, Pakistan., LOC, LAC, AGPL, Siachen Glacier-Meghdoot -13 April 1984 , Katchatheevu Is- 1976.
- Border Names- Awarded by- Radcliffe, Mc Mohan, Durand Lines
- Divisions- States, UT,Initially, Now-14/6, 28/8, Order of Formation, Districts, JK, Ladakh UT other UT Map.
Tamil Nadu
- When, State-1956-14/6, Renamed, Capital Renamed, Latitude and Longitude, Extremities- NEWS, Area- Sq Km, % in India, Rank, 1st state Linguistic basis- when, which.Tamilnadu Day, Madras Day.
- Coastline - Length, Rank.
- Coastal Dist -14
- Divisions- Districts, LS, RS, MLA, Revenue Villages, Village Panchayats.
- District share with Andhra 5, Karnataka 4, Kerala 9.
Physical features
India
- 5 Divisions- Northern Mountains, Northern Plain, Peninsular Plateau, Coastal Plain, Islands
- Northern Mountain- Age, Type, How Formed, Length, Width, Roof of world, Himalaya-meaning, 3 Divisions-
- Trans-tethys, Granite, Marine,Ranges- ZLKK,
- Himalayas-Type, How formed, Division- G/H’dri, L/H’chal, O/S’lik- Width , Average Height, Peaks, Features; Passes and States and Importance with international.
- Purvanchal- Hills List; Importance of Himalayas.
- Great Northern Plain- Length, Width, Area, Sediment types- Bhabar, Terai, Bhangar, Khadar, Delta-Chars, Bils; Four Major Divisions- Rajasthan, Punjab-Haryana, Ganga Plain, Brahmaputra Plains.Width, Area and Rivers of the above regions.
- Rajasthan Plain-1.75l, River deposit, Lakes, Desert Area-2l, 7th, 2 Divisions, Dhands.
- Punjab-Haryana-1.75l, Doab.
- Ganga Pains.
- Brahmaputra Plains.
- Peninsular Plateaus -Largest, 16l, Boundaries, Slope, Highest peak, Avg height, Central Highland and Deccan Plateau.
- Central Highlands-Aravalli- Peak, Malwa, Bundelkhand, Baghelkhand,Chotanagpur Importance.
- Deccan Plateau- Shape, Area and Height., Western Ghats-names, nature, Eastern Ghats-names, nature, rivers.
- Coastal Plain-Western and Eastern coastal plain.Comparison of Features.
- Islands- Andaman & Nicobar, Lakshadweep, Offshore Islands.
- Andaman & Nicobar-No of Islands, Formation, Area, Divisions, Capital, 10 Channel, Tribes, Saddle Peak, Ritchie’s Archipelago.
- Lakshadweep- No of Islands,Formation, Capital, Area, Formation, 3 Main Group, 11, 9,8, State Bird.
- Offshore islands- Examples-Abdul Kalam Is/ Wheeler Is, Pamban Is, Elephanta Is, New Moore Is, Diu Is; Munroe , Willingdon -Kerala.
- Arrange Peaks based on Height
- Passes and States
- Peaks and States
Tamil Nadu
- Western Ghats , Eastern Ghat, Plateaus, Plains, Islands
- Western Ghats-Feature, Extent, Hills, etc.
- Nilgiri- 24>2000, Highest Peak- mts,Hill station, State Animal.
- Anaimalai-Location, South of Gap, Aliyar RF, Valparai,Kadamparai HEP, Dams
- Palani-District, Vandaravu, Vembadi Shola, Hill station.
- Cardamom - Yella Mala, Why, Crops, Meeting of Hills.
- Varusanadu and Andipatti- Hills, Hill station, Waterfalls,SGS- WLS, Vaigai.
- Pothigai- District, Different Names, Tiger Reserve.
- Mahendragiri -Location, Southernmost
- Eastern ghats - Nature.
- Javadhu Hills- Location, Height, Peak, Rock.
- Kalrayan - kallakurichi , Tribe, River Basin, Height.
- Servarayan-Location, Height, Highest Peak- Name, Height; Hill Station- NickName.
- Kolli -Location, Height,Temple, Shola largest, Crop, Trees;
- Pachaimalai- Why, Location, Fruit.
- Peaks in Western Ghats.
- Peaks in Eastern Ghats.
- Major Hills and Districts.
- Passes in Tamilnadu.
- Plateaus -Shape, Area,Baramahal, Coimbatore, Sigur Plateaus -Vulture conservative , Wayanad and Bandipur, Madurai;
- Plains- Inland, Coastal- Coromandel, Width, Teri- Location, Coral Rock.
- Beaches- List, Importance.
- Major Is of Tamilnadu- Pamban, Hare-Muyal, Krusadai, Nallathanni Thevu, Pullivasal, Srirangam, Upputhanni Is Grounds, Kattupalli Is, Quibble Is, Vivekananda Rock memorial, Vilangusili is, Thalaiyari,Appa Is.
Water resources
- Sources of Freshwater Water-%
- Traditional Water Storage Structures
- Rain Water Harvesting
- Inter State water Disputes
- India River Linking Projects
- Multipurpose River Water Projects- India
- Schemes
- Atal Bhujal Yojana (Atal Jal)
- Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchaee Yojana
- Jal Jeevan Mission
- Ice Stupa- Who where.
- Water Resource-Tamilnadu
- Tamil Nadu - as % of India.
- Water Sources of Tamilnadu
- Multipurpose River Valley Projects of Tamilnadu
- Kudi Maramathu
- Avinasi Athikadvu thittam
- Hogenakkal Integrated Drinking Water Project
Rivers in India
- Drainage Pattern
- River Basins- Major-20000, Medium-2000-20000,Minor-2000.
- Delta Patterns
- Inland Drainage/ Endorheic Rivers
India
- 5 parts- Indus , Ganges, Brahmaputra, West Flowing, East Flowing, Tamil Nadu rivers.
- Indus- Source lake, length, Tributaries- left, right, largest; End
- Jhelum-
- Chenab
- Beas
- Ravi
- Sutlej
- Indira Gandhi Canal
- Indus Water Treaty.
- Satluj Yamuna Linking Project
- Ganges- Source, length, Prayags, Left, Right, West to East arrangement, Passing States, Delta, Dams, Canals.
- Yamuna-
- Chambal-
- Betwa-
- Ken-
- Kosi- Mt Everest, Arun, Son Kosi, Tamur Kosi, Sapta Kosi
- Sarda or Saryu,-Goriganga, Nepal, Kali or Chauk, Ghaghara
- Mahananda- Darjeeling, Last left Join Ganga
- Son- Source-Amarkantak, Ganges
- Damodar- Chotanagpur, Barakar, Sorrow of Bengal, DVC.
- Brahmaputra- Source, Length, Various names,Passing States, Left and Right, Delta, islands, Dams.
- Barak river- Source, Passing States.
- Peninsular river- West Flowing
- Luni
- Sabarmati
- Mahi- Source, Passing States, Tributaries, Dams, Falls, End
- Narmada- Source-Amarkantak,MP, Passing States, Largest, Tributaries, Dam, End.
- Tapi- Source-Multai, Betul, MP; Tributaries, End
- Zuari/Mandovi- State
- Sharavati
- Netravati River
- Periyar
- Pamba
- Meenachil River- Vembanad Lake
- Bharathappuzha (Nila) River
- Peninsular river-East Flowing- General River Nature
- Subernareka
- Brahmani
- Baitarni
- Mahanadi- Sihawa, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, Tributaries, End
- Vamsadhara
- Godavari-Vridha Ganga, Naik, Vasista , Gautami, Kolleru.
- Krishna- Mahabaleshwar, length, Second longest, Left, Right,
- Pennar
- Palar
- Pnnaiyar
- Kaveri
- Vaigai
- Rivers and Cities/Towns.
- Rivers and National Park.
- Schemes.
Tamil Nadu
- River Basins
- TamilNadu-Non Perennial- Cauvery, Palar, Ponnaiyar, Vaigai; Perennial- Thamirabarani
- Cauvery- Origin, length, TN length, Falls, Dam, Reservoir, Bhavani,Noyyal,Amaravati, Thirumukkudal, Trichy- North- Kollidam, South- Cauvery.Join- Srirangam Island, Kallanai, Garden of S.India.
- Then Pennaiyar- Nandi Durga Hills, Branch- Gadilam-cuddalore, Ponnaiyar-pondy, Sacred.
- Vaigai- Varusanadu, Ramanad Big Tank
- Palar- Kolar, Tributaries.
- Moyar- Mysore and Coimbatore pt.
- Thamirabarani- Cu, Red Soil, Pothigai, Agasthiyar, Tributaries, Porunai civil
- Rivers and Waterfalls- India
- Major WaterFalls of Tamilnadu- Hogenakkal, Kalyana theertham, Coutralam, Kumbakarai and Suruli, Agayagangai, Catherine, Pykara,Kiliyur,Ayyanar, Vaideki,Sengupathi, Siruvani, Kovaikutralam,Thirumurthy, Kutladampatti, Tirparappu, Kaalikesam, Ulakkai, Vattaparai
- Water Resource % of the world’s water resources
- Tamil Nadu - as % of India.
- Dams and District
Monsoon Rainfall, weather and climate
Concept
- Atmosphere- Components- Gases %, Layers-, ISS, Meteor, Ozone, Coldest.Radio,Aurora
- Weather vs Climate
- Factors affecting Climate of a Place-1. Latitude 2. Altitude 3. Distance from the sea 4.Wind 5. Position of Mountains 6.Ocean Currents 7.Human Influence 8.El nino effect.
- Coriollis force-Poles and Equator
- Temperature-Albedo, Heat Budget, Greenhouse effect, Range,Diurnal, Annual, Celcius to Farenheit Conversion,Horizontal , Vertical Distribution of Temperature- Lapse-6.5/km; Heat Zones of World- Torrid, Temperate, Frigid; Inversion of Temperature- Concept, Poles
- Pressure Belts of World
- Winds- Classification- Primary/Planetary, Secondary/Seasonal/Periodic, Tertiary/Local Winds, Variable Winds, High Altitude
- Meridional Circulation
- Acid Rain, Cloud Seeding, Cloud Burst, Ozone depletion- Regions, PSC, why difference, Instrument; Urban Heat Island
- Climate
- Rainfall- Forms, Clouds Types-High, Middle, Low; Types, Cloud Seeding, Acid Rain.
- Tropical Cyclone, Extra Tropical, Temperate
- Winter- Frost Quake
- Pineapple Express
India
- Winter season -Month, Temperature, Rainfall
- Summer season -Month, Temperature, Rainfall
- Southwest monsoon or Rainy season -Month, Temperature, Rainfall
- Northeast monsoon season -Month, Temperature, Rainfall
- Highest Rainfall-
- Distribution of rainfall- Avg,
- Trewartha’s Climatic Regions
- Koppen Climatic Regions
Tamil Nadu
- Winter Season- Month, Temperature, Rainfall
- Summer Season-Month, Temperature, Rainfall
- Southwest Monsoon-Month, Temperature, Rainfall
- Northeast Monsoon-Month, Temperature, Rainfall
- Wettest Place
Remember Atmosphere Diagram, Composition Air table, Heat Budget Diagram, Conversion Formula
Agricultural pattern and Livestock
- Determinants
- Land Holdings
- Types of Farming-Subsistence, Shifting, Intensive, Dry, Mixed, Terrace
- Irrigation - Sources, Canal-Inundation, Perennial, Well- Open, Tube, Tank- Peninsular.
- Modern Irrigation - drip irrigation, sprinklers and Rain Gun and central pivot irrigation
- Multipurpose River Valley Projects - What purpose, Project River and State Table.
- Food crops (wheat, maize, rice, millets,pulses etc.).
- Cash crops (sugarcane, tobacco, cotton, jute, oilseeds etc.).
- Plantation crops (tea, coffee and rubber).
- Horticulture crops (fruits, flowers and vegetables).
- Tamil Nadu- Agriculture Determinants
- Types and regions of Agriculture Practices in Tamil Nadu
- Cropping Seasons Table
- Distribution of major crops in Tamil Nadu
- Livestock- Goat, Sheep, Fishing, Marine and Inland.Scheme-RGM
- Organisations- NDDB, Aavin,
- TRRI, TNAU, TANTEA, Tamil Nadu Dairy Development Corporation Ltd
- Schemes- PMKSY
- Second Green Revolution/Organic Farming
- Revolution and Colours
- Shifting Cultivation Names India and international
- Various Boards- HQ, Ministry- Coffee, Rubber, Tea, Turmeric, Jute, Coir, Silk, Coconut,
- Types of Silk-Wild -Muga, Eri, Tasar; Mulberry. Location and Features, Leading , CSB- HQ ,“Silk Mark” by the Silk Mark Organization of India.
Soil
- Definition
- Factors/ Process
- Soil Composition- mineral, organic,water,air
- Soil Profile- OAEBCR
- Classification of Soil
- Ancient Times- Usará, Uvara
- Soils of India ICAR -8 Types - Tamil
- Soils of Tamil Nadu- Tamil
- Soil Erosion- Sheet, Gully, Ravines
- Soil Conservation- Mulching, Contour Bunding, Rock Dam, Terrace Farming, Intercropping, Contour Ploughing, Shelter Belt
- World Soil Day
- Soil Health Card
- Nutrient Based Subsidy
- Neem Coated Urea (NCU)
- Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana
- Mineral rich Region of India
- Why Himalayas less in Minerals
- Types- Metallic- Iron, Manganese, Copper, Bauxite;
- Iron- Widely, Forms-MHGLS, Leading-JOC, Others
- Manganese- Silvery Grey, Steel, Uses, Large Reserve-O, MOIL-Nagpur, India-5
- Copper- Prehistoric Man, Bronze, Brass, Use, Largest Reserve, HCL
- Bauxite- Al, Laterite, Use, Location, NALCO-1981
- Non Metallic- Mica, Limestone, Gypsum,nitrate, potash,dolomite, coal, petroleum
- Mica- Ayurveda, Abhrak, Nature, Electrical, Insulating, Uses, Location-4
- Limestone- Chemical , Use- soda ash, caustic soda, bleaching powder Formula,Location
- Gypsum- Chemical Name, Formula,Nature, Use, Location
- Minerals and Uses
- Institutes
- Acts and Partnership
Natural resources
- Map Drawing
- Origin- Biotic and Abiotic
- Development- Actual and Potential
- Exhaustibility/Renewability - Renewable and Non Renewable
- Distribution- Individual, Community Owned, National, International
- Human Resource
- Fossil Fuel- Coal,Petroleum, Natural Gas,
- Energy- Thermal, Nuclear, Hydro, Wind, Biomass, Tidal and Wave, GeoThermal.
- Conservation of Resource
Forest
- Map Drawing
- India
- Tropical Evergreen and Semi Evergreen forests
- Tropical Deciduous Forests
- Tropical Thorn Forests and Scrubs/ Tropical Dry Forest
- Montane Forests, Alpine
- Mangrove Forests/Tidal/Littoral and Swamp Forest
- TamilNadu
- Tropical Evergreen
- Montane Temperate
- Tropical Deciduous
- Tidal Forest/ Mangrove Forest - Where, Characteristics, Plants/Trees, Locations- India, Tamil Nadu; Schemes, MISHTI, Amrit Darohar
- Tropical Thorn
- Forest Conservation- Social Forestry- Urban forestry, Rural forestry and Farm forestry;
- National Forest Policy -1988-33%
- Indian Forest Report link
- Forest Movements
- Personalities
- Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006-Link 1, Link 2
- Biosphere Reserves- What criteria, Who declares,List and Location, UNESCO-MAB
- Forest and trees
- Wetlands in India , Tamil Nadu
- Ramsar - Tn leading UP 2nd . No wetlands in Telangana, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand,ArP, Meghalaya,Sikkim
- Latest Ramsar of TN- Vettangudi 1977 1st,
- Wetland vision aim 100
Wildlife
- Adaptation
- Conservation
- WP Act 1972, Amendment, Vermin
- Project Tiger- Year, Tiger Reserves, NTCA
- Tamil Nadu- Biosphere Reserves, Wild Life Sanctuaries, National Park, Tiger Reserves, Conservation Reserve, Bird Sanctuaries.
- Wls- Total 18 Latest 5
- Tiger Reserves- 5- Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Anamalai Tiger Reserve, Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve, Srivilliputhur Megamalai
- Bird Sanctuaries.
- International Dugong Conservation Centre- Manora Thanjavur
- Sea Turtle - Nagapattinam, Chennai.
- 18th wildlife sanctuary in Tamil Nadu.- Thanthai Periyar, Palar river Erode
Transport
- Roads- Length, World Status, Types, NH-GT Road, NH-1,NH-2, Longest NH44,11 and Shortest, NHAI-When, What, BRO-When, Highest. Golden Quad, Road Density
- Railways-First, Zones and HQ, Width of Track
- Pipelines- Important Pipelines
- Waterway- Inland Waterway, Authority, National Waterways Act, 2016-111, Ports- Major, Minor,Major Port Trusts Act, 1963, Major ports Act 2021, Shipyard, Ship Breaking Industry
- Air Transport- First, AAI- When, Airport and Names, Pawan Hans, Schemes-NABH (Nextgen Airports For Bharat) Nirman Initiative, UDAN Scheme (Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagrik).
- TN- Smallest NH - 785 Madurai to Thuvarankurichi, Industrial corridor
- Industrial Corridor
Communication
- Postal- EIA First- When, Where. Started when,First Indian Postal Stamp. Who, Where Public First, PIN Introduced, Quick Mail Service. India Post Payments Bank-When
- Radio- First Radio, AIR- When.
- Mobile- 4G 5G 6G, Teledensity
- Satellite- First, ISRO, INSAT-When, Global Navigation System-IRNSS
- Prime Minister’s Wi-Fi Access Network Interface (PM-WANI).
Social geography
Population density & Population distribution
- Growth
- Population Indicators
- Density- Population, Physiological, Agricultural
- Male- Female Count %
- Migration
- Sex Ratio
- Child Sex Ratio
- Literacy Rate
- Life Expectancy
- Urban- Rural Population
- SC/ST Population
- Worker in Agriculture
- Total Fertility Rate- Definition, Latest Value
- IMR- Infant Mortality Rate- Definition, Latest Value
- MMR- Maternal Mortality Rate- Definition, Latest Value
- Population Theories
- Demographic Transition Model - Who , Concept, Diagram
- India’s Transition- Diagram, Stagnant, Great Divide, Small Divide, Explosion,
- Optimum Theory of Population - Who, Concept
- Malthusian theory- Who, Concept
- Marxian Theory- Who, Concept
- Census- When First, Viceroy, Who, Ministry, Authority, Phases, 2011-(15,7), Motto, EAG
- SECC- Socio Economic Caste Census- When First, Latest, Who, What parameters
- National Population Register- When First, Latest, Who, What parameters
- National Register of Citizens- When First, Latest, Who, What parameters.
- National Population Policy- Year, Targets- TFR, IMR, MMR, Marriage, Deliveries
- Government Schemes- To control population,
- Criteria for ST, PVTG
- BIMARU States
- EAG States
- World Population Day-July 11, 1989
- Reports- UNPF- State of World Population Report
Racial
- Races- Meaning,Races are determined on the basis of following characteristics:
- Factors Determining Racial Differences with Examples.
- Blumenbach-5, Herbert Risely-7, General Types- 4, Features and Location
- Ethnicity- Largest, India- Divisions , Comparison.
Linguistic groups
- Language- Status, Linguistic Families with all subgroups, Major Languages as per constitution,
- Classical Languages- Criteria, List-First Year, Latest year.
- Dialect- Meaning, In India and Tamilnadu
- Comparison of Language and Dialect.
Major Tribes
- World Tribes and Locations
- Tribes in India- Criteria for Tribes-Lokur, New; Total Population, % Highest, Largest State, Largest No. District, No tribes
- Tribes of Tamil Nadu- Total Population %, Nilgiris, Toda, Badaga, Kota, Kurumba, Irula, Paliyan, Kodas.
- PVTG- Committee, Criteria for Identification, PVTG in Tamilnadu, Schemes-PMJANMAN
- Political Angle- Reservation, 5th Schedule and 6th Schedule, NCST-338A
- Related Committees- Lokur 1965, Bhuria, Xaxa.
- Historical Angle
Natural calamity
- Natural Hazard, Disaster, Catastrophe
- Types of Hazards-
- occurrence-natural, human-made and socio-natural hazards,origin
- Major Hazards in India
- Earthquakes- 2345 zones, Mercalli, Richter, P,S,Surface, Love
- Flood
Disaster Management
- Meaning
- Diagram
- Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, Recovery, Rehabilitation
- NDMA- Act Year, Chairperson, Vice Chairperson, Members
- National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP)- First Year, Revised Year.
- National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)
- Emergency Response Support System (ERSS)- number
- TNSDMA- Vice Chairman, Members
- TNSDRF
- DDMA- Chairperson, Co chairperson
- State Disaster Management plan
- Aapda Mitra
- Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)- Who, Year, Initiatives.
- Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) is a 10-year plan (2005-2015)
- Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030
- UNDRR
Environmental pollution: Reasons and preventive measures
- Air Pollution- Composition, Primary and Secondary
- Water Pollution- Causes, Preventive Measures
- Soil
- Noise
- Light- Components, Causes, Effects, Solution, India’s first Dark Sky Reserve, India’s first International Dark Sky Park.
- Radioactive- Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation, Accidents 3, Impacts, Disposal
- E Waste- Global E-waste Monitor 2024 Report
- Plastic Waste
- Municipality and Solid Waste
- Acts and Policies
- Role of Government and International Organizations
- Reason/ Causes- Astronomical- Sunspot, Milankovitch oscillations, Volcanism, Global Warming- Gases
- Effect/ Impact
- Response- Mitigation, Adaptation
- Mitigation Measures
- Schemes
- Global Initiatives- UNFCCC- India's INDC- Panchamrita
- TN Green Climate Company
- TN Climate Change Mission - Head-Director, Governing Council
- TN Wetlands Mission - Forest Min, 100, More in Thiruvalluvar 27/100 by 2025-26. Areawise - Kanchipuram
- Meaning
- Types
- Share in Energy Sector
- Why needed
- Steps Taken and Schemes
- Institutes and Global Initiatives- IREDA,ISA, GBA,NGHM
- Various Hydrogen Sources Colors
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