Indian Geography- TNPSC

Indian Geography- Syllabus

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Indian Geography

இந்தியாவின் புவியியல்

  1. Location, 

  2. Physical features, 

  3. Monsoon Rainfall, weather and climate

  4. Water resources

  5. Rivers in India.

  6. Soil.

  7. Minerals, 

  8. Natural resources.

  9. Forest.

  10. Wildlife.

  11. Agricultural pattern.

  12. Transport & Communication and Trade.

  13. Social geography

  14. Population density, Population distribution

  15. Racial Ethnicity Religion

  16. Linguistic groups

  17. Major tribes.

  18. Natural calamity – Disaster Management

  19. Environmental pollution: Reasons and preventive measures

  20. Climate change

  21. Green energy

  1. அமைவிடம்-

  2. இயற்கை அமைவுகள் - 

  3. பருவமழை, மழைப்பொழிவு, வானிலை மற்றும் காலநிலை-

  4. நீர் வளங்கள் - 

  5. இந்திய ஆறுகள் - 

  6. மண், 

  7. கனிம வளங்கள் மற்றும் 

  8. இயற்கை வளங்கள் - 

  9. காடு மற்றும் 

  10. வன உயிரினங்கள் - 

  11. வேளாண் முறைகள்.

  12. போக்குவரத்து-தகவல் தொடர்பு.

  13. சமூகப் புவியியல் - 

  14. மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி மற்றும் பரவல் - 

  15. இனம், 

  16. மொழிக் குழுக்கள் 

  17. முக்கிய பழங்குடிகள்.

  18. இயற்கைப் பேரிடர் - பேரிடர் மேலாண்மை 

  19. சுற்றுச்சூழல் மாசுபடுதல்: காரணங்களும் தடுப்பு முறைகளும் - 

  20. பருவநிலை மாற்றம் - 

  21. பசுமை ஆற்றல்.

Location

India

  1. Drawing of North East
  2. Drawing of Andaman Nicobar, Lakshadweep.
  3. Drawing of the North Part of India.
  4. Area- Total , As a % of world
  5. Rank as Largest Country in the World?, Rank as Largest Country in Asia?
  6. Latitude and Longitude Extent, Which Hemisphere?
  7. Northernmost point
  8. Southernmost point -Main land, country
  9. Westernmost point, Easternmost point.
  10. East-West Length
  11. North South Length
  12. Tropic of cancer Passing States
  13. Indian Standard Time - Latitude, Passing City, Passing States, Difference, Time difference from GMT.
  14. Smallest State- Last 5
  15. Largest State- Top 5
  16. Which State does not have an International Border?
  17. State that shares Boundary with maximum states?
  18. Land Border Length
  19. Coastline on MainLand
  20. Total Coastline including Islands
  21. Border sharing Table- Country, Distance,States Sharing, Important Border Location, Rivers, Forces.
  22. Border names and Length and adjoining states, forces
  23. Disputed Areas- With China, Pakistan., LOC, LAC, AGPL, Siachen Glacier-Meghdoot -13 April 1984 , Katchatheevu Is- 1976.
  24. Border Names- Awarded by- Radcliffe, Mc Mohan, Durand Lines
  25. Divisions- States, UT,Initially, Now-14/6, 28/8, Order of Formation, Districts, JK, Ladakh UT  other UT Map.

 

Tamil Nadu

  1. When, State-1956-14/6,  Renamed, Capital Renamed, Latitude and Longitude, Extremities- NEWS, Area- Sq Km, % in India, Rank, 1st state Linguistic basis- when, which.Tamilnadu Day, Madras Day.
  2. Coastline - Length, Rank.
  3. Coastal Dist -14
  4. Divisions- Districts, LS, RS, MLA, Revenue Villages, Village Panchayats.
  5. District share with Andhra 5, Karnataka 4, Kerala 9.

 

Physical features

India

  1. 5 Divisions- Northern Mountains, Northern Plain, Peninsular Plateau, Coastal Plain, Islands
  2. Northern Mountain- Age, Type, How Formed, Length, Width, Roof of world, Himalaya-meaning, 3 Divisions-
    1. Trans-tethys, Granite, Marine,Ranges- ZLKK,
    2. Himalayas-Type, How formed, Division- G/H’dri, L/H’chal, O/S’lik- Width , Average Height, Peaks, Features; Passes and States and Importance with international.
    3. Purvanchal- Hills List; Importance of Himalayas.
  3. Great Northern Plain- Length, Width, Area, Sediment types- Bhabar, Terai, Bhangar, Khadar, Delta-Chars, Bils; Four Major Divisions- Rajasthan, Punjab-Haryana, Ganga Plain, Brahmaputra Plains.Width, Area and Rivers of the above regions.
    1. Rajasthan Plain-1.75l, River deposit, Lakes, Desert Area-2l, 7th, 2 Divisions, Dhands.
    2. Punjab-Haryana-1.75l, Doab.
    3. Ganga Pains.
    4. Brahmaputra Plains.
  4. Peninsular Plateaus -Largest, 16l, Boundaries, Slope, Highest peak, Avg height, Central Highland and Deccan Plateau. 
  5. Central Highlands-Aravalli- Peak, Malwa, Bundelkhand, Baghelkhand,Chotanagpur Importance.
  6. Deccan Plateau- Shape, Area and Height., Western Ghats-names, nature, Eastern Ghats-names, nature, rivers.
  7. Coastal Plain-Western and Eastern coastal plain.Comparison of Features.
  8. Islands- Andaman & Nicobar, Lakshadweep, Offshore Islands.
  9. Andaman & Nicobar-No of Islands, Formation, Area, Divisions, Capital, 10 Channel, Tribes, Saddle Peak, Ritchie’s Archipelago.
  10. Lakshadweep- No of Islands,Formation, Capital, Area, Formation, 3 Main Group, 11, 9,8, State Bird.
  11. Offshore islands- Examples-Abdul Kalam Is/ Wheeler Is, Pamban Is, Elephanta Is, New Moore Is, Diu Is;  Munroe , Willingdon -Kerala.
  12. Arrange Peaks based on Height
  13. Passes and States
  14. Peaks and States



Tamil Nadu

  1. Western Ghats , Eastern Ghat,  Plateaus, Plains,  Islands
  2. Western Ghats-Feature, Extent, Hills, etc.
  3. Nilgiri- 24>2000, Highest Peak- mts,Hill station, State Animal.
  4. Anaimalai-Location, South of Gap, Aliyar RF, Valparai,Kadamparai HEP, Dams
  5. Palani-District, Vandaravu, Vembadi Shola, Hill station.
  6. Cardamom - Yella Mala, Why, Crops, Meeting of Hills.
  7. Varusanadu and Andipatti- Hills, Hill station, Waterfalls,SGS- WLS, Vaigai.
  8. Pothigai- District, Different Names, Tiger Reserve.
  9. Mahendragiri -Location, Southernmost
  10. Eastern ghats - Nature.
  11. Javadhu Hills- Location, Height, Peak, Rock.
  12. Kalrayan - kallakurichi , Tribe, River Basin, Height.
  13. Servarayan-Location, Height, Highest Peak- Name, Height; Hill Station- NickName.
  14. Kolli -Location, Height,Temple, Shola largest, Crop, Trees; 
  15. Pachaimalai- Why, Location, Fruit.
  16. Peaks in Western Ghats.
  17. Peaks in Eastern Ghats.
  18. Major Hills and Districts.
  19. Passes in Tamilnadu.
  20. Plateaus -Shape, Area,Baramahal, Coimbatore, Sigur Plateaus -Vulture conservative , Wayanad and Bandipur, Madurai;
  21. Plains- Inland, Coastal- Coromandel, Width, Teri- Location, Coral Rock.
  22. Beaches- List, Importance.
  23. Major Is of Tamilnadu- Pamban, Hare-Muyal, Krusadai, Nallathanni Thevu, Pullivasal, Srirangam, Upputhanni Is Grounds, Kattupalli Is, Quibble Is, Vivekananda Rock memorial, Vilangusili is, Thalaiyari,Appa Is.

Water resources

  1. Sources of Freshwater Water-%
  2. Traditional Water Storage Structures
  3. Rain Water Harvesting
  4. Inter State water Disputes
  5. India River Linking Projects
  6. Multipurpose River Water Projects- India
  7. Schemes
    1. Atal Bhujal Yojana (Atal Jal)
    2. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchaee Yojana
    3. Jal Jeevan Mission
    4. Ice Stupa- Who where.
  8. Water Resource-Tamilnadu
    1. Tamil Nadu - as % of India.
    2. Water Sources of Tamilnadu
    3. Multipurpose River Valley Projects of Tamilnadu
    4. Kudi Maramathu 
    5. Avinasi Athikadvu thittam
    6. Hogenakkal Integrated Drinking Water Project

 

Rivers in India

  1. Drainage Pattern
  2. River Basins- Major-20000, Medium-2000-20000,Minor-2000.
  3. Delta Patterns
  4. Inland Drainage/ Endorheic Rivers

 

India

  1. 5 parts- Indus , Ganges, Brahmaputra, West Flowing, East Flowing, Tamil Nadu rivers.
    1. Indus- Source lake, length, Tributaries- left, right, largest; End
    2. Jhelum- 
    3. Chenab
    4. Beas
    5. Ravi
    6. Sutlej
    7. Indira Gandhi Canal
    8. Indus Water Treaty.
    9. Satluj Yamuna Linking Project
  2. Ganges- Source, length, Prayags, Left, Right, West to East arrangement, Passing States, Delta, Dams, Canals.
    1. Yamuna-  
    2. Chambal-
    3. Betwa-
    4. Ken-
    5. Kosi- Mt Everest, Arun, Son Kosi, Tamur Kosi, Sapta Kosi
    6. Sarda or Saryu,-Goriganga, Nepal, Kali or Chauk, Ghaghara
    7. Mahananda- Darjeeling, Last left Join Ganga
    8. Son- Source-Amarkantak, Ganges
    9. Damodar- Chotanagpur, Barakar, Sorrow of Bengal, DVC.
  3. Brahmaputra- Source, Length, Various names,Passing States, Left and Right, Delta, islands, Dams.
    1. Barak river- Source, Passing States.
  4. Peninsular river- West Flowing
    1. Luni
    2. Sabarmati
    3. Mahi- Source, Passing States, Tributaries, Dams, Falls, End
    4. Narmada- Source-Amarkantak,MP, Passing States, Largest, Tributaries, Dam, End.
    5. Tapi- Source-Multai, Betul, MP; Tributaries, End
    6. Zuari/Mandovi- State
    7. Sharavati
    8. Netravati River
    9. Periyar
    10. Pamba
    11. Meenachil River- Vembanad Lake
    12. Bharathappuzha (Nila) River
  5. Peninsular river-East Flowing- General River Nature
    1. Subernareka
    2. Brahmani
    3. Baitarni
    4. Mahanadi- Sihawa, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, Tributaries, End
    5. Vamsadhara
    6. Godavari-Vridha Ganga, Naik, Vasista , Gautami, Kolleru.
    7. Krishna- Mahabaleshwar, length, Second longest, Left, Right, 
    8. Pennar
    9. Palar
    10. Pnnaiyar
    11. Kaveri
    12. Vaigai
  6. Rivers and Cities/Towns.
  7. Rivers and National Park.
  8. Schemes.

 Tamil Nadu

  1. River Basins
  2. TamilNadu-Non Perennial- Cauvery, Palar, Ponnaiyar, Vaigai; Perennial- Thamirabarani
  3. Cauvery- Origin, length, TN length, Falls, Dam, Reservoir, Bhavani,Noyyal,Amaravati, Thirumukkudal, Trichy- North- Kollidam, South- Cauvery.Join- Srirangam Island, Kallanai, Garden of S.India.
  4. Then Pennaiyar- Nandi Durga Hills, Branch- Gadilam-cuddalore, Ponnaiyar-pondy, Sacred.
  5. Vaigai- Varusanadu, Ramanad Big Tank
  6. Palar- Kolar, Tributaries.
  7. Moyar- Mysore and Coimbatore pt.
  8. Thamirabarani- Cu, Red Soil, Pothigai, Agasthiyar, Tributaries, Porunai civil 
  9. Rivers and Waterfalls- India
  10. Major WaterFalls of Tamilnadu- Hogenakkal, Kalyana theertham, Coutralam, Kumbakarai and Suruli, Agayagangai, Catherine, Pykara,Kiliyur,Ayyanar, Vaideki,Sengupathi, Siruvani, Kovaikutralam,Thirumurthy, Kutladampatti, Tirparappu, Kaalikesam, Ulakkai, Vattaparai
  11. Water Resource % of the world’s water resources
  12. Tamil Nadu - as % of India.
  13. Dams and District


Monsoon Rainfall, weather and climate

Concept

  1. Atmosphere- Components- Gases %, Layers-, ISS, Meteor, Ozone, Coldest.Radio,Aurora 
  2. Weather vs Climate
  3. Factors affecting Climate of a Place-1. Latitude 2. Altitude 3. Distance from the sea 4.Wind 5. Position of Mountains 6.Ocean Currents 7.Human Influence 8.El nino effect.
  4. Coriollis force-Poles and Equator
  5. Temperature-Albedo, Heat Budget, Greenhouse effect, Range,Diurnal, Annual, Celcius to Farenheit Conversion,Horizontal , Vertical Distribution of Temperature- Lapse-6.5/km; Heat Zones of World- Torrid, Temperate, Frigid; Inversion of Temperature- Concept, Poles
  6. Pressure Belts of World
  7. Winds- Classification- Primary/Planetary, Secondary/Seasonal/Periodic, Tertiary/Local Winds, Variable Winds, High Altitude 
  8. Meridional Circulation
  9. Acid Rain, Cloud Seeding, Cloud Burst, Ozone depletion- Regions, PSC, why difference, Instrument; Urban Heat Island
  10. Climate
  11. Rainfall- Forms, Clouds Types-High, Middle, Low; Types, Cloud Seeding, Acid Rain.
  12. Tropical Cyclone, Extra Tropical, Temperate
  13. Winter- Frost Quake
  14. Pineapple Express

 

India

  1. Winter season -Month, Temperature, Rainfall
  2. Summer season -Month, Temperature, Rainfall
  3. Southwest monsoon or Rainy season -Month, Temperature, Rainfall
  4. Northeast monsoon season -Month, Temperature, Rainfall
  5. Highest Rainfall-
  6. Distribution of rainfall- Avg,
  7. Trewartha’s Climatic Regions
  8. Koppen Climatic Regions

 

Tamil Nadu

  1. Winter Season- Month, Temperature, Rainfall
  2. Summer Season-Month, Temperature, Rainfall
  3. Southwest Monsoon-Month, Temperature, Rainfall
  4. Northeast Monsoon-Month, Temperature, Rainfall
  5. Wettest Place

 Remember Atmosphere Diagram, Composition Air table, Heat Budget Diagram, Conversion Formula



Agricultural pattern and Livestock

  1. Determinants
  2. Land Holdings
  3. Types of Farming-Subsistence, Shifting, Intensive, Dry, Mixed, Terrace
  4. Irrigation - Sources, Canal-Inundation, Perennial, Well- Open, Tube, Tank- Peninsular.
  5. Modern Irrigation - drip irrigation, sprinklers and Rain Gun and central pivot irrigation
  6. Multipurpose River Valley Projects - What purpose, Project River and State Table.
  7. Food crops (wheat, maize, rice, millets,pulses etc.).
  8. Cash crops (sugarcane, tobacco, cotton, jute, oilseeds etc.).
  9. Plantation crops (tea, coffee and rubber).
  10. Horticulture crops (fruits, flowers and vegetables).
  11. Tamil Nadu- Agriculture Determinants
  12. Types and regions of Agriculture Practices in Tamil Nadu
  13. Cropping Seasons Table
  14. Distribution of major crops in Tamil Nadu
  15. Livestock- Goat, Sheep, Fishing, Marine and Inland.Scheme-RGM
  16. Organisations- NDDB, Aavin, 
  17. TRRI, TNAU, TANTEA, Tamil Nadu Dairy Development Corporation Ltd
  18. Schemes- PMKSY
  19. Second Green Revolution/Organic Farming
  20. Revolution and Colours
  21. Shifting Cultivation Names India and international
  22. Various Boards- HQ, Ministry- Coffee, Rubber, Tea, Turmeric, Jute, Coir, Silk, Coconut, 
  23. Types of Silk-Wild -Muga, Eri, Tasar; Mulberry. Location and Features, Leading , CSB- HQ ,“Silk Mark” by the Silk Mark Organization of India.


Soil

  1. Definition
  2. Factors/ Process
  3. Soil Composition- mineral, organic,water,air
  4. Soil Profile- OAEBCR
  5. Classification of Soil
  6. Ancient Times- Usará, Uvara
  7. Soils of India ICAR -8 Types - Tamil
  8. Soils of Tamil Nadu- Tamil
  9. Soil Erosion- Sheet, Gully, Ravines
  10. Soil Conservation- Mulching, Contour Bunding, Rock Dam, Terrace Farming, Intercropping, Contour Ploughing, Shelter Belt
  11. World Soil Day
  12. Soil Health Card
  13. Nutrient Based Subsidy
  14. Neem Coated Urea (NCU)
  15. Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana

Minerals

  1. Mineral rich Region of India
  2. Why Himalayas less in Minerals
  3. Types- Metallic- Iron, Manganese, Copper, Bauxite; 
  4. Iron- Widely, Forms-MHGLS, Leading-JOC, Others
  5. Manganese- Silvery Grey, Steel, Uses, Large Reserve-O, MOIL-Nagpur, India-5
  6. Copper- Prehistoric Man, Bronze, Brass, Use, Largest Reserve, HCL
  7. Bauxite- Al, Laterite, Use, Location, NALCO-1981
  8. Non Metallic- Mica, Limestone, Gypsum,nitrate, potash,dolomite, coal, petroleum
  9. Mica- Ayurveda, Abhrak, Nature, Electrical, Insulating, Uses, Location-4
  10. Limestone- Chemical , Use- soda ash, caustic soda, bleaching powder Formula,Location
  11. Gypsum- Chemical Name, Formula,Nature, Use, Location
  12. Minerals and Uses
  13. Institutes
  14. Acts and Partnership
  15.  

Natural resources

  1. Map Drawing
  2. Origin- Biotic and Abiotic
  3. Development- Actual and Potential
  4. Exhaustibility/Renewability - Renewable and Non Renewable
  5. Distribution- Individual, Community Owned, National, International
  6. Human Resource
  7. Fossil Fuel- Coal,Petroleum, Natural Gas,
  8. Energy- Thermal, Nuclear, Hydro, Wind, Biomass, Tidal and Wave, GeoThermal.
  9. Conservation of Resource

 

Forest 

  1. Map Drawing
  2. India
    1. Tropical Evergreen and Semi Evergreen forests
    2. Tropical Deciduous Forests
    3. Tropical Thorn Forests and Scrubs/ Tropical Dry Forest
    4. Montane Forests, Alpine
    5. Mangrove Forests/Tidal/Littoral and Swamp Forest
  3. TamilNadu
    1. Tropical Evergreen
    2. Montane Temperate
    3. Tropical Deciduous
    4. Tidal Forest/ Mangrove Forest - Where, Characteristics, Plants/Trees, Locations- India, Tamil Nadu; Schemes, MISHTI, Amrit Darohar
    5. Tropical Thorn
  4. Forest Conservation- Social Forestry- Urban forestry, Rural forestry and Farm forestry; 
  5. National Forest Policy -1988-33%
  6. Indian Forest Report link
  7. Forest Movements
  8. Personalities
  9. Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006-Link 1, Link 2
  10. Biosphere Reserves- What criteria, Who declares,List and Location, UNESCO-MAB
  11. Forest and trees
  12. Wetlands in India , Tamil Nadu
  13. Ramsar - Tn leading UP 2nd . No wetlands in Telangana, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand,ArP, Meghalaya,Sikkim
  14. Latest Ramsar of TN- Vettangudi 1977 1st,
  15. Wetland vision aim 100

 

Wildlife

  1. Adaptation
  2. Conservation
  3. WP Act 1972, Amendment, Vermin
  4. Project Tiger- Year, Tiger Reserves, NTCA
  5. Tamil Nadu- Biosphere Reserves, Wild Life Sanctuaries, National Park, Tiger Reserves, Conservation Reserve, Bird Sanctuaries.
  6. Wls- Total 18 Latest 5
  7. Tiger Reserves- 5- Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve, Anamalai Tiger Reserve, Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve, Srivilliputhur Megamalai
  8. Bird Sanctuaries.
  9. International Dugong Conservation Centre- Manora Thanjavur
  10. Sea Turtle - Nagapattinam, Chennai.
  11. 18th wildlife sanctuary in Tamil Nadu.- Thanthai Periyar, Palar river Erode

Transport 

  1. Roads- Length, World Status, Types, NH-GT Road, NH-1,NH-2, Longest NH44,11 and Shortest, NHAI-When, What, BRO-When, Highest. Golden Quad, Road Density
  2. Railways-First, Zones and HQ, Width of Track
  3. Pipelines- Important Pipelines
  4. Waterway- Inland Waterway, Authority, National Waterways Act, 2016-111, Ports- Major, Minor,Major Port Trusts Act, 1963, Major ports Act 2021, Shipyard, Ship Breaking Industry
  5. Air Transport- First, AAI- When, Airport and Names, Pawan Hans, Schemes-NABH (Nextgen Airports For Bharat) Nirman Initiative, UDAN Scheme (Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagrik).
  6. TN- Smallest NH - 785 Madurai to Thuvarankurichi, Industrial corridor 
  7. Industrial Corridor

 

Communication

  1. Postal- EIA First- When, Where. Started when,First Indian Postal Stamp. Who, Where Public First, PIN Introduced, Quick Mail Service. India Post Payments Bank-When
  2. Radio- First Radio, AIR- When.
  3. Mobile- 4G 5G 6G, Teledensity
  4. Satellite- First, ISRO, INSAT-When, Global Navigation System-IRNSS
  5. Prime Minister’s Wi-Fi Access Network Interface (PM-WANI).  

 

Social geography

Population density & Population distribution

  1. Growth
  2. Population Indicators
  3. Density- Population, Physiological, Agricultural
  4. Male- Female Count %
  5. Migration
  6. Sex Ratio
  7. Child Sex Ratio
  8. Literacy Rate
  9. Life Expectancy
  10. Urban- Rural Population
  11. SC/ST Population
  12. Worker in Agriculture
  13. Total Fertility Rate- Definition, Latest Value
  14. IMR- Infant Mortality Rate- Definition, Latest Value
  15. MMR- Maternal Mortality Rate- Definition, Latest Value
  16. Population Theories
  17. Demographic Transition Model - Who , Concept, Diagram
  18. India’s Transition- Diagram, Stagnant, Great Divide, Small Divide, Explosion, 
  19. Optimum Theory of Population - Who, Concept
  20. Malthusian theory- Who, Concept
  21. Marxian Theory- Who, Concept
  22. Census- When First, Viceroy, Who, Ministry, Authority, Phases, 2011-(15,7), Motto, EAG
  23. SECC- Socio Economic Caste Census- When First, Latest, Who, What parameters
  24. National Population Register- When First, Latest, Who, What parameters
  25. National Register of Citizens- When First, Latest, Who, What parameters.
  26. National Population Policy- Year, Targets- TFR, IMR, MMR, Marriage, Deliveries
  27. Government Schemes- To control population, 
  28. Criteria for ST, PVTG
  29. BIMARU States
  30. EAG States
  31. World Population Day-July 11, 1989
  32. Reports- UNPF- State of World Population Report

 

Racial 

  1. Races- Meaning,Races are determined on the basis of following characteristics:
  2. Factors Determining Racial Differences with Examples.
  3. Blumenbach-5, Herbert Risely-7, General Types- 4, Features and Location
  4. Ethnicity- Largest, India- Divisions , Comparison.

 

Linguistic groups

  1. Language- Status, Linguistic Families with all subgroups, Major Languages as per constitution,
  2. Classical Languages- Criteria, List-First Year, Latest year.
  3. Dialect- Meaning, In India and Tamilnadu
  4. Comparison of Language and Dialect.

 

Major Tribes

  1. World Tribes and Locations
  2. Tribes in India- Criteria for Tribes-Lokur, New; Total Population, % Highest, Largest State, Largest No. District, No tribes
  3. Tribes of Tamil Nadu- Total Population %, Nilgiris, Toda, Badaga, Kota, Kurumba, Irula, Paliyan, Kodas.
  4. PVTG- Committee, Criteria for Identification, PVTG in Tamilnadu, Schemes-PMJANMAN
  5. Political Angle- Reservation, 5th Schedule and 6th Schedule, NCST-338A
  6. Related Committees- Lokur 1965, Bhuria, Xaxa.
  7. Historical Angle

Natural calamity

  1. Natural Hazard, Disaster, Catastrophe
  2. Types of Hazards-
  3. occurrence-natural, human-made and socio-natural hazards,origin
  4. Major Hazards in India
  5. Earthquakes- 2345 zones, Mercalli, Richter, P,S,Surface, Love 
  6. Flood 

 

Disaster Management

  1. Meaning
  2. Diagram
  3. Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, Recovery, Rehabilitation
  4. NDMA- Act Year, Chairperson, Vice Chairperson, Members
  5. National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP)- First Year, Revised Year.
  6. National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) 
  7. Emergency Response Support System (ERSS)- number
  8. TNSDMA- Vice Chairman, Members
  9. TNSDRF
  10. DDMA- Chairperson, Co chairperson
  11. State Disaster Management plan
  12. Aapda Mitra
  13. Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)- Who, Year, Initiatives.
  14. Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) is a 10-year plan (2005-2015)
  15. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030
  16. UNDRR



Environmental pollution: Reasons and preventive measures

  1. Air Pollution- Composition, Primary and Secondary
  2. Water Pollution- Causes, Preventive Measures
  3. Soil
  4. Noise
  5. Light-  Components, Causes, Effects, Solution, India’s first Dark Sky Reserve, India’s first International Dark Sky Park.
  6. Radioactive- Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation, Accidents 3, Impacts, Disposal
  7. E Waste- Global E-waste Monitor 2024 Report
  8. Plastic Waste
  9. Municipality and Solid Waste
  10. Acts and Policies
  11. Role of Government and International Organizations



Climate change

  1. Reason/ Causes- Astronomical- Sunspot, Milankovitch oscillations, Volcanism, Global Warming- Gases
  2. Effect/ Impact
  3. Response- Mitigation, Adaptation
  4. Mitigation Measures
  5. Schemes
  6. Global Initiatives- UNFCCC- India's INDC-  Panchamrita
  7. TN Green Climate Company 
  8. TN Climate Change Mission - Head-Director, Governing Council 
  9. TN Wetlands Mission - Forest Min, 100, More in Thiruvalluvar 27/100 by 2025-26. Areawise - Kanchipuram 

Green Energy

  1. Meaning
  2. Types
  3. Share in Energy Sector
  4. Why needed
  5. Steps Taken and Schemes
  6. Institutes and Global Initiatives- IREDA,ISA, GBA,NGHM
  7. Various Hydrogen Sources Colors

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